Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy

JINSA performs innovative research and educates on vital U.S. defense, strategic and general national security issues.

U.S.-Israel Security

The U.S.-Israel Security Policy Project examines the various ways to strengthen the U.S.-Israel security relationship amid dramatic regional changes to meet growing dangers and capitalize on new opportunities.

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Iran

The Gemunder Center’s revamped Iran Policy Project brings together former senior military officers, high-ranking government officials, energy experts and business leaders to address the pressing challenges to U.S. national security posed by Iran and the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) on Iran’s nuclear program.

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Eastern Mediterranean

The Eastern Mediterranean Policy Project was established by JINSA to examine evolving threats and opportunities, and to provide recommendations, for U.S. policy toward the region, including Turkey’s increasingly aggressive posture, the return of great power competition and significant energy discoveries.

Hybrid Warfare

The Hybrid Warfare Policy Project was established by the Jewish Institute for National Security of America’s (JINSA) Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy to define the requirements of the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and to evaluate the performance of the U.S., Israeli, and other allied militaries in compliance with – and sometimes, beyond – the dictates of that law. The Policy Project also seeks to focus attention on the conduct of hybrid adversaries such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Islamic State, which often intentionally exploit that same body of law to stymie U.S., Israeli,and allied forces in battle and to discredit their self-defense operations in the forum of public opinion.

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Gaza Assessment

The strategy that Hamas employed in the 2014 Gaza War represents the new face of war that threatens to undermine the effectiveness of conventional militaries, endangers civilians in irregular conflicts, and distorts the international legal structure.The Gaza Assessment Policy Project closely studies the evolution of this strategy and Israel’s response, based on primary source research and discussions with senior Israeli, Palestinian, and United Nations (U.N.) officials.

EMP

JINSA’s Gemunder Center EMP Policy Project convenes former high-ranking government and military officials, directors of national laboratories, nuclear engineers and other experts to raise awareness and develop actionable recommendations to enhance U.S. strategic deterrence, critical infrastructure and societal resiliency against the spectrum of electromagnetic threats.


1	9999	9999	9999	1	9999	9999	Makovsky, PhD	Michael Makovsky, PhD President and Chief Executive Officer Michael Makovsky is President and CEO of the Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA), which he joined in 2013. JINSA is dedicated to educating Congressional, military and civilian national security decision-makers on American defense and strategic interests, primarily in the Middle East, the cornerstone of which is a robust U.S.-Israeli security cooperation. A U.S. national security expert, he has worked extensively on U.S. p...
9999	9999	9999	9999	2	9999	9999	Ruhe	Jonathan Ruhe Director of Foreign Policy Jonathan Ruhe began working at JINSA in April 2013 as a Senior Policy Analyst and currently serves as Director of Foreign Policy. Prior to joining JINSA, he was a Senior Policy Analyst with the Foreign Policy Project at the Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC), where he worked on Middle East and Former Soviet Union security issues. His commentary on the ongoing political transition in Yemen has appeared in the Associated Press, The New Republic, The Na...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Hoshovsky	Harry Hoshovsky Senior Policy Analyst, Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy Over the past two years, Harry's work at JINSA’s Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy has focused predominantly on analyzing U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean. He also manages and coordinates the Gemunder Center’s internship program. Harry's commentary on international affairs has appeared in The Jerusalem Post, The National Interest, Defense News, RealClearDefense, The Hill, The Defense Post, and The...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Cicurel	Ari Cicurel Senior Policy Analyst, Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy Ari is a graduate of the University of Michigan where he dual majored in Political Science and Judaic Studies. While in college, he interned at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy in their Military and Security Program and the Israel Democracy Institute in Jerusalem. Ari received his Master of Arts in War Studies from King’s College London. His commentary has appeared in Bloomberg, The Hill, The National Interest, RealClearDefense, an...


9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Bird, USN (ret.)	VADM John M. Bird, USN (ret.) Former Commander, U.S. Seventh Fleet Vice Admiral Bird, the son of a career naval officer, lived throughout the United States during his childhood and ultimately settled in Pensacola, FLA., where he graduated from Pensacola Catholic High School. In 1977, he graduated from the United States Naval Academy with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. He holds a Master of Science in Engineering Management from the Catholic University of America and has completed the Massachuset...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Conway, USMC (ret.)	Gen James T Conway, USMC (ret.) 34th Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps General James T. Conway served as the 34th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, from November 13, 2006, until October 22, 2010. He retired from the Marine Corps in November, 2010. Gen. Conway was born in Walnut Ridge, Arkansas and is a graduate of Southeast Missouri State University. He was commissioned in 1970 as an infantry officer. His company grade assignments included multiple platoon and company commander billets with both the 1...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Stutzriem, USAF (ret.)	Maj Gen Larry "Stutz" Stutzriem, USAF (ret.) Former Director, Plans, Policy and Strategy at North American Aerospace Defense Command Maj. Gen. Larry "Stutz" Stutzriem is a recognized expert in national security, aerospace power, and combat aircraft operations. He coaches transformative leadership for high-impact teams. While serving over 30 years as a fighter pilot, commander and strategist, he attained the rank of Major General. He’s flown F 4, F 16 and A 10 aircraft. Additionally, he flew T 37 and T 38 aircraft as both instructor and commander in the Air Force’s rapid...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Donald, USN (ret.)	ADM Kirkland H. Donald, USN (ret.) Former Director, Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program Originally from Norlina, N.C., Admiral Kirkland Donald graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1975 with a Bachelor of Science in Ocean Engineering. After completing his initial nuclear power and submarine training, he served in USS Batfish (SSN 681), USS Mariano G. Vallejo (SSBN 658), and USS Seahorse (SSN 669). Admiral Donald was Commanding Officer, USS Key West (SSN 722), from October 1990 to February 1993. He served as Commander,...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Glueck, USMC (ret.)	LtGen Kenneth J. Glueck, USMC (ret.) Former Commander, U.S. Marine Corps Combat Development Command Lieutenant General Kenneth J. Glueck entered the Marine Corps in October of 1974 and was designated a Naval Aviator in May 1976. As a Naval Aviator, he flew both helicopters and fixed wing aircraft; the AH-1, UH-1, CH-46, CH53, VH-3, MV-22, T-34, F-18, AV-8 and EA-6 aircraft. While serving at Marine Helicopter One (HMX-1) in Quantico, Virginia, he was designated a Presidential Command Pilot. Lieutenant General Glueck’s command experiences in...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Chilton, USAF (ret.)	Gen Kevin P. Chilton, USAF (ret.) Former Commander, U.S. Strategic Command General Chilton completed a 34 1/2 year Air Force career as Commander of U.S. Strategic Command from 2007 to 2011, where he was responsible for the plans and operations for all U.S. forces conducting strategic deterrence and the Department of Defense’s space and cyberspace operations. Prior to this assignment, General Chilton commanded at the wing, numbered air force, major command, and unified combatant command levels including serving as Comm...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Natonski, USMC (ret.)	LtGen Richard Natonski, USMC (ret.) Former Commander, U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command LtGen Richard F. Natonski, USMC (ret.) is the former Commander of U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command, which he held from August 2008 until his retirement on September 8, 2010, after more than 37 years of service. From 2006-2008, he served as the Deputy Commandant for Plans, Policies and Operations (PP&O). This posting followed his command of the 1st Marine Division where he led the ground assault during the second Battle of Fallujah in Iraq in...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Hostage, USAF (ret.)	Gen Michael Hostage, USAF (ret.) Former Commander, Air Combat Command Gen. Mike Hostage is Commander, Air Combat Command, Langley Air Force Base, Va. As the commander, he was responsible for organizing, training, equipping and maintaining combat-ready forces for rapid deployment and employment while ensuring strategic air defense forces are ready to meet the challenges of peacetime air sovereignty and wartime defense. The command operates more than 1,300 aircraft, 24 wings, 14 bases, and more than 300 operating loc...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Cornell	Svante E. Cornell Policy Advisor, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy Svante E. Cornell, expert on Turkey, Azerbaijan and the Caucasus - Svante E. Cornell is the Director of the American Foreign Policy Council's Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and a co-founder of the Institute for Security and Development Policy, Stockholm. His main areas of expertise are security issues, state-building, and transnational crime in Southwest and Central Asia, with a specific focus on the Caucasus and Turkey. He is the Editor of CACI...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Corn, USA (ret.)	LTC Geoffrey S. Corn, USA (ret.) Distinguished Fellow, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy; Vinson & Elkins Professor of Law, South Texas College of Law, Houston LTC Geoffrey S. Corn is the Vinson & Elkins Professor of Law at South Texas College of Law Houston. Prior to joining the South Texas faculty in 2005, Professor Corn served in the U.S. Army for 21 years as an officer, retiring in the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 2004, and a final year as civilian legal expert on law of war matters. Professor Corn’s teaching and scholarship focuses on the law of armed conflict, national security law, crimin...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Goldstein	Larry Goldstein Founder and Director of Energy Policy Research Institute, Inc.; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor Larry Goldstein is an internationally-recognized leader in the petroleum industry with experience testifying before both congressional committees and regulatory bodies. He is an expert on developments in domestic and international petroleum markets and has been appointed to the National Petroleum Council, an oil and natural gas advisory committee to the Secretary of Energy. Mr. Goldstein is credited with co-creating the concept of the U.S. Strate...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Hannah	John Hannah Former Assistant for National Security Affairs to the Vice President; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor John Hannah, former National Security Advisor to the Vice President. John Hannah served in senior foreign policy positions for both Democratic and Republican administrations over the last 20 years. He is currently a Senior Counselor at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, where he focuses on U.S. strategy. From 2005-2009, he was chief foreign policy advisor in Vice President Dick Cheney’s Office of National Security Affairs, after serv...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Rademaker	Hon. Stephen Rademaker Former Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor The Honorable Stephen Rademaker, former Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation. The Hon. Stephen Rademaker has over 20 years’ experience working on national security issues in multiple branches of government. As Assistant Secretary of State he led multiple bureaus at the State Department, and also directed the Proliferation Security Initiative and nonproliferation policy toward Iran and North Korea. Duri...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Deptula, USAF (ret.)	Lt Gen David Deptula, USAF (ret.) Former Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, U.S. Air Force Headquarters; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor Lt Gen David Deptula, USAF (ret.), former Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, U.S. Air Force Headquarters. Lt Gen Deptula is a world-recognized expert in conceptualizing, planning, and executing military operations from humanitarian relief to major combat operations. He served as the principal planner for the air campaigns in Operations Desert Storm and Enduring Freedom, and was twice a Combined/Joint Task...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Wald, USAF (ret.)	Gen Charles "Chuck" Wald, USAF (ret.) Distinguished Fellow; Senior Advisor; Co-chair, Iran Policy Project; Member, Gaza Policy Project, U.S.-Israel Security Policy Project, and Eastern Mediterranean Policy Project General Charles Wald, USAF (ret.), former Deputy Commander of United States European Command (EUCOM) - General Charles Wald is a proven leader who specializes in global military strategy and development. As EUCOM Deputy Commander he was responsible for developing the air campaign in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Gen. Wald has also served as the Director of Strategic Planning and Policy at USAF Headquarters, Chief of USAF Combat Terro...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Gerber	Sander Gerber Distinguished Fellow Sander Gerber is Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer of Hudson Bay Capital, a multi-billion-dollar hedge fund that invests in markets worldwide. Mr. Gerber, who has a long history of engagement on international issues, was awarded JINSA's 2017 Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson Distinguished Service Award for championing the Taylor Force Act, a bipartisan and paradigm shifting anti-terrorism bill. In December 2008, President Bush appointe...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Amidror	IDF MG (ret.) Yaakov Amidror Distinguished Fellow, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy IDF Major General (ret.) Yaakov Amidror is a Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy Distinguished Fellow and the Anne and Greg Rosshandler Senior Fellow at the Jerusalem Institute for Strategic Studies (JISS). General Amidror was formerly the National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister of Israel, as well as the head of the National Security Council, from 2011-2013. During his 36-year career in the IDF, Maj. Gen. Amidror served as Commander...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Shapira	IDF Col. (res.) Itai Shapira Distinguished Fellow, JINSA's Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy IDF Col. (ret.) Itai Shapira joined JINSA’s Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy as a Distinguished Fellow in December 2019. Colonel Shapira served in the IDF for 26 years, retiring in 2019, concluding an accomplished career in various intelligence analysis and management roles in the Israeli Defense Intelligence (IDI). Throughout his career, Colonel Shapira served in various intelligence roles on the tactical, operational and strate...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Ganyard, USMC (ret.)	Col Stephen T. Ganyard, USMC (ret.) Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs Col Stephen T. Ganyard, USMC (ret.) is the former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs where he was responsible for a budget of more than $5 billion related to global political-military programs, strategic political-military planning, and cross-cutting political-military policy issues. Previously, he served as the Chief of Staff in the Office of the Counselor, Department of State, managing a global fo...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Watts, USA (ret.)	LTC (Prof) Sean M. Watts, USA (ret.) Former Professor of International Law at the Judge Advocate General’s School LTC (Prof) Sean M. Watts, USA (ret.) is a former Professor of International Law at the Judge Advocate General’s School. Previously, he served as a Judge Advocate General in the U.S. Army from 1999-2007. Currently, LTC Watts, USA (ret.) teaches at Creighton University where his primary research interest is international legal regulation of emerging forms of warfare. He earned a B.A. in International Affairs from the University of Colorado in ...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Fiel, USAF (ret.)	Lt Gen Eric E. Fiel, USAF (ret.) Former Commander, Air Force Special Operations Command, Hurlburt Field, Fla. Lt. Gen. Eric E. Fiel is the Commander, Air Force Special Operations Command, Hurlburt Field, Fla. The command is the Air Force component of U.S. Special Operations Command. AFSOC provides Air Force special operations forces for worldwide deployment and assignment to unified combatant commanders. The command has approximately 16,000 active-duty, Reserve, Air National Guard and civilian professionals. General Fiel entered the Air Force in 1981 ...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Newcomb, USN (ret.)	CDR Mark E. Newcomb, USN (ret.) Former Principal Legal Advisor to Commander, Battle Force 7th Fleet. CDR Mark Newcomb is a former principal legal advisor to Commander, Battle Force 7th Fleet, with his expertise focused on Law of the Sea and Law of War issues. He is currently Counsel and Vice President for ‘Claims, Insurance & Regulatory Matters’ for ZIM American Shipping Services Company, LLC. He is also the general agent for ZIM Integrated Shipping Services, Ltd. and supervises all legal affairs, risk management, and regulatory progr...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	VanLandingham, USAF (ret.)	Lt Col Rachel E. VanLandingham, USAF (ret.) Former Judge Advocate in the U.S. Air Force; Professor of Law at Southwestern Law School (Los Angeles, CA) Lt Col Rachel E. VanLandingham, USAF (ret.) is a former Judge Advocate in the U.S. Air Force and is currently a Professor of Law at Southwestern Law School, Los Angeles where she teaches criminal law, constitutional criminal procedure, and national security law. During her impressive military career, Lt Col VanLandingham served as a senior legal advisor on the Laws of Armed Conflict and was the legal advisor for international law at U.S. Centr...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Clingan, USN (ret.)	ADM Bruce Clingan, USN (ret.) Former Commander of U.S. Naval Forces Europe and U.S. Naval Forces Africa Adm. Clingan is a native of Indiana, but was raised in Washington state. He graduated from the University of Washington and holds a Master of Science from the University of Southern California. He received his commission through the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps program in June 1977. Designated a naval aviator in May 1979, Clingan flew F-14 Tomcats with Fighter Squadron (VF) 124, VF-114, and VF-211, making deployments aboard USS Ameri...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Morse	Edward Morse Global Head of Commodities Research at Citigroup
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Jeffery	Reuben Jeffery Former Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business and Agricultural Affairs 1
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Fox, USN (ret.)	VADM Mark Fox, USN (ret.) Former Deputy Commander, U.S. Central Command A native of Abilene, Texas, Vice Adm. Mark Fox was commissioned in June 1978 upon graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy and designated a Naval Aviator in March 1980. Fox has spent the majority of his operational career deploying to, and operating in, the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility, having commanded U.S. Naval Central Command/U.S. 5th Fleet/Combined Maritime Forces (2010-2012); Carrier Strike Group 10 aboard USS Harry S. Truma...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Warren, USA (ret.)	COL. Marc Warren, USA (ret.) Former senior legal officer in the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corp for Multi-National Forces Iraq Colonel (Ret.) Marc Warren, USA was the senior legal advisor for the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), and for Coalition Forces during the invasion and occupation of Iraq. After retiring from the U.S. Army, he was the deputy and acting chief counsel for the FAA, and is now co-chair of the Aviation & Aerospace Practice Group at Jenner & Block, LLP.
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Corey, USA (ret.)	COL Ian G. Corey, USA (ret.) Former General Counsel for U.S. Army Cyber Command COL Ian G. Corey, USA (ret.) is former General Counsel for U.S. Army Cyber Command where he led military and civilian attorneys in providing comprehensive legal support in cyberlaw, national security law, and intelligence law, among many other legal fields. He retired from the U.S. Army Judge Advocates General’s (JAG) Corps in 2018 after a distinguished 30-year career. COL Corey received his Bachelor of Science degree from the Georgetown Unive...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Tucker, USA (ret.)	LTG Michael S. Tucker, USA (ret.) Former Commanding General of the First United States Army from 2013 until 2016 Lieutenant General (Ret.) Michael S. Tucker, USA served as Commanding General of the First United States Army from 2013 until 2016. He formerly served as the Commanding General of the 2nd Infantry Division. Tucker also served as Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations of the International Security Assistance Force (Afghanistan) until 2009.
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Spoehr, USA (ret.)	LTG Thomas W. Spoehr, USA (ret.) Former Deputy Commanding General, U.S. Forces – Iraq LTG Thomas W. Spoehr, USA (ret.) is director of the Heritage Foundation’s Center for National Defense. His more than 36-year military service includes serving with the 82nd Airborne Division and the 1st Armored Division. He participated in Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada and served as Deputy Commanding General of U.S. Forces Iraq in Operation New Dawn (2011). LTG Spoehr is an expert on national defense policy and strategy and has testified ...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Katsman	Abraham Katsman Associate Fellow, Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy Abe Katsman joined JINSA as an associate fellow in 2018. He is an American attorney, consultant and political writer/commentator living in Jerusalem. His opinion columns have been carried in numerous publications in both Israel and America, and he has assisted various public figures in writing their own articles. He is a popular guest on American talk radio discussing Israeli and American political, national security and foreign policy matters. ...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Breedlove, USAF (ret.)	Gen Philip M. Breedlove, USAF (ret.) Former Supreme Allied Commander Europe; Former Commander U.S. European Command General Philip Breedlove is a 2018 JINSA General’s and Admirals Program participant. Phil Breedlove is a proven strategic planner, motivational leader and talented communicator. He is a highly decorated retired general of the United States Air Force where he reached the highest levels of military leadership as one of six geographic Combatant Commanders and the Supreme Allied Commander of NATO. During 39 years of service, he served in a va...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Ayish	IDF MG (ret.) Yaacov Ayish Senior Vice President for Israeli Affairs; Distinguished Fellow, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy IDF MG (ret.) Yaacov Ayish is the Senior Vice President for Israeli Affairs at the Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA) and a Distinguished Fellow at JINSA's Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy. General Ayish served in the IDF for 36 years and retired in 2016, concluding an accomplished career during which he attained the rank of Major General. Throughout his distinguished service, he served in core and operational co...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Rodriguez, USA (ret.)	GEN. David Rodriguez, USA (ret.) Former Commander, United States Africa Command General David M. Rodriguez served over 40 years in the United States Army with his final assignment being the Commander of the United States Africa Command. A native of West Chester Pennsylvania, he earned his commission from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1976. General Rodriguez has commanded at every level to include Commanding General of Army Forces Command, Commander of the International Security Assistance Forc...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Toolan, Jr., USMC (ret.)	LtGen John "Jocko" Toolan, Jr., USMC (ret.) Former Commander, Marine Forces Pacific Lieutenant General John “Jocko” Toolan Jr. served as the Commander, Marine Forces Pacific, from August 2014 until August 2016. He retired from active duty on 1 October 2016 and participated in JINSA's Generals and Admirals Program to the Middle East in 2018. Commissioned in 1976 upon graduation from Fordham University, his first assignment was as an infantry platoon commander with 1st Battalion, 9th Marines in Okinawa in 1977. He subsequen...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Makovsky	Alan Makovsky Former Senior Professional Staff Member at U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs Alan Makovsky is a senior fellow for National Security and International Policy at American Progress. From 2001 to 2013, he served as a senior professional staff member on the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the U.S. House of Representatives, where he covered the Middle East, Turkey, and other related issues. At the Washington Institute for Near East Policy—a private think tank where he worked from 1994 to 2001—Makovsky wrote widely on var...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Gardner, USA (ret.)	LTG John Gardner, USA (ret.) Former Deputy Commander of U.S. European Command Jack Gardner served in command positions in Europe, Latin America, Korea, Bosnia, Iraq and numerous locations in the US. In his final assignment he served as the Deputy Commander of U.S. European Command in Stuttgart, Germany and the US military forces stationed throughout Europe. He retired from the Army in May 2012. He earned a Bachelor of Science Degree from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and a Masters degree from Georgetown Univer...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Wagner Jr.	Dr. Richard Wagner Jr. Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Atomic Energy Richard L. Wagner, Jr. is a physicist who has worked in nuclear weapon design and development, missile defense, treaty-verification, non-proliferation, countering nuclear terrorism and WMD in general, information technology for defense applications, defense intelligence, and nuclear and non-nuclear energy. Between 1981 and 1986, he was Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Atomic Energy, a Senate-confirmed presidential appointment with respon...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Tegnelia	Dr. James "Jim" Tegnelia Former Director, Defense Threat Reduction Agency Dr. James A. Tegnelia, vice president, Department of Defense Programs, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M., has been named the third Director, Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs, Dr. Dale Klein, said, “The appointment of Jim Tegnelia as the director of DTRA is another significant step in transforming how we defend against the threat of weapo...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Stoudt	Dr. David Stoudt Distinguished Engineer, Naval Surface Warfare Center
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Schneider, Jr.	Dr. William Schneider, Jr. Former Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Popik	Thomas Popik President, Foundation for Resilient Societies
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Pfaltzgraff, Jr.	Dr. Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr. Professor of International Security Studies, Fletcher School at Tufts University
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Payne	Dr. Keith Payne Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Forces Policy
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Nanos, USN (ret.)	VADM G. Peter Nanos, USN (ret.) Former Director, Los Alamos National Laboratory
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Murray	Richard Murray Head of Liability Regimes Project, Geneva Association
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Lehman, II	Amb. Ronald Lehman, II Former Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Kappenman	John Kappenman President and CEO, Storm Analysis Consultants EMP Task Force Member. President and CEO, Storm Analysis Consultants.
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Baker	Dr. George Baker Former Electromagnetics Group Leader, Defense Nuclear Agency
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Joseph	Amb. Robert Joseph Co-Chair, EMP Task Force; Former Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Gabbard	Dr. Bryan Gabbard Co-Chair, EMP Task Force; Executive Vice President, Defense Group Inc.
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Jones, USA (ret.)	MG. Mike Jones, USA (ret.) Former Chief of Staff, U.S. Central Command General Jones supports clients in the IT, energy, C4ISR, ground combat systems, and base realignment and closure (BRAC) areas, using his keen knowledge of U.S. and international military requirements. He leads the BRAC Team, supporting State and community clients with BRAC-related needs, community engagement, and public-private partnership building. General Jones also supports clients’ due diligence needs with his broad military experience and ...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Devereaux, USAF (ret.)	Maj Gen Rick Devereaux, USAF (ret.) Former Director of Operational Planning, Policy, and Strategy Maj. Gen. Richard T. Devereaux is the Director, Operational Planning, Policy and Strategy, Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations, Plans and Requirements, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C. He is responsible for the development and integration of operational strategies, organizational concepts, policies and plans supporting all elements of aerospace power employment. His directorate's eight divisions orchestrate Air Force participation in ...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Caldwell, IV, USA (ret.)	LTG William B. Caldwell, IV, USA (ret.) Former Commander, U.S. Army North Lieutenant General (Ret.) William B. Caldwell, IV is the 21st President of Georgia Military College. Georgia Military College’s growth has been significant since the arrival of President Caldwell on November 1, 2013. New campuses were opened in Fayetteville, Dublin, Eastman, Albany, and Zebulon growing the GMC footprint in Georgia to 14 campuses plus an on-line campus. In each of the five years he has been president, enrollments have set n...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Zuckerman	Mortimer Zuckerman Chairman and Editor-in-Chief of U.S. News & World Report Mortimer Zuckerman is the chairman and editor-in-chief of U.S. News & World Report and the publisher of the New York Daily News.
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Zakheim	Roger Zakheim Former General Counsel and Deputy Staff Director of U.S. House Armed Services Committee Prior to his appointment as Director of the Ronald Reagan Institute, Mr. Zakheim practiced law at Covington & Burling LLP in the firm’s Public Policy and Government Affairs practice group, where he served as co-chair. Before joining the firm, he was General Counsel and Deputy Staff Director of the U.S. House Armed Services Committee. In this role, Mr. Zakheim managed the passage of the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). The...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Takeyh	Dr. Ray Takeyh Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies at Council on Foreign Relations Ray Takeyh is Hasib J. Sabbagh senior fellow for Middle East studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). His areas of specialization are Iran, political reform in the Middle East, and Islamist movements and parties. Prior to joining CFR, Takeyh was senior advisor on Iran at the Department of State. He was previously a fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Takeyh is the coauthor of The Pragmatic Superpower: Winning...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Obering, USAF (ret.)	Lt Gen Henry Obering, USAF (ret.) Former Director of the Missile Defense Agency Lt. Gen. Henry A. "Trey" Obering is Director of the Missile Defense Agency, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington, D.C. The MDA is Presidentially-chartered and mandated by Congress to acquire highly effective ballistic missile defense systems for forward-deployed and expeditionary elements of the U.S. armed forces. Additionally, the agency will develop options and, if directed, acquire systems for ballistic missile defense of the United ...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Edelman	Amb. Eric Edelman Former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; Distinguished Practitioner in Residence, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies Amb. Eric Edelman served in senior positions at the Departments of State and Defense as well as the White House where he led organizations providing analysis, strategy, policy development, security services, trade advocacy, public outreach, citizen services and congressional relations. From August 2005 to January 2009, he served as the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. He oversaw strategy development as the Department of Defense’s senior...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Trask, USAF (ret.)	Lt Gen Thomas "Tom" Trask, USAF (ret.) Former Vice Commander, United States Special Operations Command Lt Gen Trask transitioned from the US Air Force in 2017 after 33 years of service, retiring as the Vice Commander of United States Special Operations Command. As the Vice Commander serving USSOCOM in the Pentagon, and as the Director of Resources, Programming and Assessments before that, he was responsible for the oversight and management of the USSOCOM $12B annual budget for six years. He was responsible for the requirements process which ensure...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Stavridis, USN (ret.)	ADM James Stavridis, USN (ret.) Former NATO Supreme Allied Commander and former Commander of U.S. European Command; Chairman, Gemunder Center U.S.-Israel Security Task Force Admiral Stavridis assumed duties as commander of European Command and as Supreme Allied Commander, Europe in early summer 2009. Stavridis is a 1976 distinguished graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a native of South Florida. A Surface Warfare officer, he commanded the Destroyer USS Barry (DDG 52) from 1993-1995, completing UN/NATO deployments to Haiti and Bosnia, and a combat cruise to the Arabian Gulf. Barry won the Battenberg Cup as th...


9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Natonski, USMC (ret.)	LtGen Richard Natonski, USMC (ret.) Former Commander, U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command LtGen Richard F. Natonski, USMC (ret.) is the former Commander of U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command, which he held from August 2008 until his retirement on September 8, 2010, after more than 37 years of service. From 2006-2008, he served as the Deputy Commandant for Plans, Policies and Operations (PP&O). This posting followed his command of the 1st Marine Division where he led the ground assault during the second Battle of Fallujah in Iraq in...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Corn, USA (ret.)	LTC Geoffrey S. Corn, USA (ret.) Distinguished Fellow, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy; Vinson & Elkins Professor of Law, South Texas College of Law, Houston LTC Geoffrey S. Corn is the Vinson & Elkins Professor of Law at South Texas College of Law Houston. Prior to joining the South Texas faculty in 2005, Professor Corn served in the U.S. Army for 21 years as an officer, retiring in the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 2004, and a final year as civilian legal expert on law of war matters. Professor Corn’s teaching and scholarship focuses on the law of armed conflict, national security law, crimin...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Wald, USAF (ret.)	Gen Charles "Chuck" Wald, USAF (ret.) Distinguished Fellow; Senior Advisor; Co-chair, Iran Policy Project; Member, Gaza Policy Project, U.S.-Israel Security Policy Project, and Eastern Mediterranean Policy Project General Charles Wald, USAF (ret.), former Deputy Commander of United States European Command (EUCOM) - General Charles Wald is a proven leader who specializes in global military strategy and development. As EUCOM Deputy Commander he was responsible for developing the air campaign in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Gen. Wald has also served as the Director of Strategic Planning and Policy at USAF Headquarters, Chief of USAF Combat Terro...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Gerber	Sander Gerber Distinguished Fellow Sander Gerber is Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer of Hudson Bay Capital, a multi-billion-dollar hedge fund that invests in markets worldwide. Mr. Gerber, who has a long history of engagement on international issues, was awarded JINSA's 2017 Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson Distinguished Service Award for championing the Taylor Force Act, a bipartisan and paradigm shifting anti-terrorism bill. In December 2008, President Bush appointe...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Amidror	IDF MG (ret.) Yaakov Amidror Distinguished Fellow, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy IDF Major General (ret.) Yaakov Amidror is a Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy Distinguished Fellow and the Anne and Greg Rosshandler Senior Fellow at the Jerusalem Institute for Strategic Studies (JISS). General Amidror was formerly the National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister of Israel, as well as the head of the National Security Council, from 2011-2013. During his 36-year career in the IDF, Maj. Gen. Amidror served as Commander...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Shapira	IDF Col. (res.) Itai Shapira Distinguished Fellow, JINSA's Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy IDF Col. (ret.) Itai Shapira joined JINSA’s Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy as a Distinguished Fellow in December 2019. Colonel Shapira served in the IDF for 26 years, retiring in 2019, concluding an accomplished career in various intelligence analysis and management roles in the Israeli Defense Intelligence (IDI). Throughout his career, Colonel Shapira served in various intelligence roles on the tactical, operational and strate...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Ayish	IDF MG (ret.) Yaacov Ayish Senior Vice President for Israeli Affairs; Distinguished Fellow, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy IDF MG (ret.) Yaacov Ayish is the Senior Vice President for Israeli Affairs at the Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA) and a Distinguished Fellow at JINSA's Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy. General Ayish served in the IDF for 36 years and retired in 2016, concluding an accomplished career during which he attained the rank of Major General. Throughout his distinguished service, he served in core and operational co...


9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Cornell	Svante E. Cornell Policy Advisor, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy Svante E. Cornell, expert on Turkey, Azerbaijan and the Caucasus - Svante E. Cornell is the Director of the American Foreign Policy Council's Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and a co-founder of the Institute for Security and Development Policy, Stockholm. His main areas of expertise are security issues, state-building, and transnational crime in Southwest and Central Asia, with a specific focus on the Caucasus and Turkey. He is the Editor of CACI...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Goldstein	Larry Goldstein Founder and Director of Energy Policy Research Institute, Inc.; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor Larry Goldstein is an internationally-recognized leader in the petroleum industry with experience testifying before both congressional committees and regulatory bodies. He is an expert on developments in domestic and international petroleum markets and has been appointed to the National Petroleum Council, an oil and natural gas advisory committee to the Secretary of Energy. Mr. Goldstein is credited with co-creating the concept of the U.S. Strate...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Hannah	John Hannah Former Assistant for National Security Affairs to the Vice President; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor John Hannah, former National Security Advisor to the Vice President. John Hannah served in senior foreign policy positions for both Democratic and Republican administrations over the last 20 years. He is currently a Senior Counselor at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, where he focuses on U.S. strategy. From 2005-2009, he was chief foreign policy advisor in Vice President Dick Cheney’s Office of National Security Affairs, after serv...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Rademaker	Hon. Stephen Rademaker Former Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor The Honorable Stephen Rademaker, former Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation. The Hon. Stephen Rademaker has over 20 years’ experience working on national security issues in multiple branches of government. As Assistant Secretary of State he led multiple bureaus at the State Department, and also directed the Proliferation Security Initiative and nonproliferation policy toward Iran and North Korea. Duri...
9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	9999	Deptula, USAF (ret.)	Lt Gen David Deptula, USAF (ret.) Former Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, U.S. Air Force Headquarters; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor Lt Gen David Deptula, USAF (ret.), former Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, U.S. Air Force Headquarters. Lt Gen Deptula is a world-recognized expert in conceptualizing, planning, and executing military operations from humanitarian relief to major combat operations. He served as the principal planner for the air campaigns in Operations Desert Storm and Enduring Freedom, and was twice a Combined/Joint Task...

Benjamin Gettler Annual International Policy Trip

The Benjamin Gettler International Policy Trip annually brings high-level delegations of retired senior military officers and civilian national security experts to a country that is important to U.S. national security and/or the U.S.-Israel relationship. After completing their trip, each group shares their findings and recommendations with policymakers and opinion leaders in Washington, D.C. and across the United States. This important program is made possible by the generous support from the Gettler Family Foundation, in memory of former JINSA Chairman Benjamin Gettler.

2019
2018
2020

Azerbaijan

2020 Benjamin Gettler International Policy Trip to Azerbaijan April 26-May 1, 2020 The trip will include: Travel with high-level delegation of senior, recently retired U.S. generals and admirals Briefings by senior Azerbaijani political, military, and national security officials, as well as senior U.S. and Israeli diplomats stationed in Baku Visits and briefings at strategic sites Travel to meet with leaders and members of Azerbaijan's centuries-old Jewish community High-end accommodations including 5-star hotels The best of Azerbaijan's culinary spots Cultural experiences and sightseeing tours More to be announced soon! Past Attendees of th...

Greece

The Benjamin Gettler Annual International Policy Trip visited Greece from March 31-April 4. The delegation was led by JINSA President & CEO Dr. Michael Makovsky and consisted of: Gen Charles Wald, USAF (ret.) Gen Kevin Chilton, USAF (ret.) VADM Mark Fox, USN (ret.) Lt Gen Thomas Trask, USAF (ret.) IDF MG (ret.) Yaakov Ayish Dr. Svante Cornell Alan Makovsky Meetings included: Chief of the Hellenic National Defense Staff, Christos Christodoulou Defense Minister, Admiral Evangelos Apostolakis Shadow Defense Minister, Mr. Vassilis Kikilias Minister of Environment and Energy, Giorgos Stathakis Rear Admiral Dimitrios Kavoulakos Opposition Member, Giorgos Koumoutsakos Leading Greek Think Tank, E...

Egypt

April 29 - May 4, 2018 Participants included: ADM Bruce Clingan, USN (ret.) Gen Charles Wald, USAF (ret.) LTG Howard Bromberg, USA (ret.) LtGen Kenneth Glueck, USMC (ret.) Meetings included: President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi Head of the General Intelligence Service (GIS) Foreign Minister Sameh Hassan Shoukry Minister of Defense Sedki Sobhy Commentary: The U.S. is Right to Restore Aid to Egypt Reuters - July 30, 2018 by ADM Bruce Clingan, USN (ret.) and Read More

U.S. & Greece: Cementing A Closer Strategic Partnership

January 30, 2020

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A Narrow U.S.-Israel Defense Pact: Addressing Criticism

November 20, 2019

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Arming Israel to Defeat Iranian Aggression: Frontloading Weapons Delivery

November 18, 2019

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Sea Changes: U.S. Challenges and Opportunities in the Eastern Mediterranean

August 1, 2019

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For a Narrow U.S.-Israel Defense Pact

July 30, 2019

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If Time Runs Out Again: Implications of Iran’s Nuclear Escalation

July 8, 2019

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Defending the Fence: Legal and Operational Challenges in Hamas-Israel Clashes, 2018-19

March 15, 2019

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Israel’s Next Northern War: Operational and Legal Challenges

October 29, 2018

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Comprehensive U.S. Strategy Toward Iran After the JCPOA

September 16, 2018

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ATLAS SUPPORTED: Strengthening U.S.-Israel Strategic Cooperation

May 8, 2018

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Countering Iranian Expansion in Syria

November 20, 2017

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Strategy to Restore U.S. Leverage Against Iran

July 12, 2017

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The Iran Nuclear Deal After One Year: Assessment and Options for the Next President

July 12, 2016

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Impact of the Interim Deal with Iran

May 12, 2014

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Latest Updates

U.S.-Israel
Iran
Hybrid Warfare
Miscellaneous
Syria
Turkey
Israeli-Palestinian
Eastern Mediterranean

Former Israeli Amb. to US cites JINSA President & CEO Michael Makovksy on US-Israel Mutual Defense Pact in the Jerusalem Post

December 18, 2019

Jewish Telegraphic Agency quotes Amb. Eric Edelman and Alan Makovsky during JINSA Conference Call on U.S. Syria Withdrawal

October 11, 2019

Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy

Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy

JINSA performs innovative research and educates on vital U.S. defense, strategic and general national security issues.

2020 Benjamin Gettler International Policy Trip to Azerbaijan

U.S. Navy Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek Visit

Featured Content

Michael Makovsky, PhD

President and Chief Executive Officer

Jonathan Ruhe

Director of Foreign Policy

Harry Hoshovsky

Senior Policy Analyst, Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy

Ari Cicurel

Senior Policy Analyst, Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy

VADM John M. Bird, USN (ret.)

Former Commander, U.S. Seventh Fleet

Gen James T Conway, USMC (ret.)

34th Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps

Maj Gen Larry "Stutz" Stutzriem, USAF (ret.)

Former Director, Plans, Policy and Strategy at North American Aerospace Defense Command

ADM Kirkland H. Donald, USN (ret.)

Former Director, Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program

LtGen Kenneth J. Glueck, USMC (ret.)

Former Commander, U.S. Marine Corps Combat Development Command

Gen Kevin P. Chilton, USAF (ret.)

Former Commander, U.S. Strategic Command

LtGen Richard Natonski, USMC (ret.)

Former Commander, U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command

Gen Michael Hostage, USAF (ret.)

Former Commander, Air Combat Command

Svante E. Cornell

Policy Advisor, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy

LTC Geoffrey S. Corn, USA (ret.)

Distinguished Fellow, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy; Vinson & Elkins Professor of Law, South Texas College of Law, Houston

Larry Goldstein

Founder and Director of Energy Policy Research Institute, Inc.; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor

John Hannah

Former Assistant for National Security Affairs to the Vice President; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor

Hon. Stephen Rademaker

Former Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor

Lt Gen David Deptula, USAF (ret.)

Former Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, U.S. Air Force Headquarters; JINSA Gemunder Center Senior Advisor

Gen Charles "Chuck" Wald, USAF (ret.)

Distinguished Fellow; Senior Advisor; Co-chair, Iran Policy Project; Member, Gaza Policy Project, U.S.-Israel Security Policy Project, and Eastern Mediterranean Policy Project

Sander Gerber

Distinguished Fellow

IDF MG (ret.) Yaakov Amidror

Distinguished Fellow, Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy

IDF Col. (res.) Itai Shapira

Distinguished Fellow, JINSA's Gemunder Center for Defense & Strategy

Col Stephen T. Ganyard, USMC (ret.)

Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs

LTC (Prof) Sean M. Watts, USA (ret.)

Former Professor of International Law at the Judge Advocate General’s School

Lt Gen Eric E. Fiel, USAF (ret.)

Former Commander, Air Force Special Operations Command, Hurlburt Field, Fla.

CDR Mark E. Newcomb, USN (ret.)

Former Principal Legal Advisor to Commander, Battle Force 7th Fleet.

Lt Col Rachel E. VanLandingham, USAF (ret.)

Former Judge Advocate in the U.S. Air Force; Professor of Law at Southwestern Law School (Los Angeles, CA)

ADM Bruce Clingan, USN (ret.)

Former Commander of U.S. Naval Forces Europe and U.S. Naval Forces Africa

Edward Morse

Global Head of Commodities Research at Citigroup

Reuben Jeffery

Former Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business and Agricultural Affairs

VADM Mark Fox, USN (ret.)

Former Deputy Commander, U.S. Central Command

COL. Marc Warren, USA (ret.)

Former senior legal officer in the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corp for Multi-National Forces Iraq

COL Ian G. Corey, USA (ret.)

Former General Counsel for U.S. Army Cyber Command

LTG Michael S. Tucker, USA (ret.)

Former Commanding General of the First United States Army from 2013 until 2016

LTG Thomas W. Spoehr, USA (ret.)

Former Deputy Commanding General, U.S. Forces – Iraq

Abraham Katsman

Associate Fellow, Gemunder Center for Defense and Strategy

Gen Philip M. Breedlove, USAF (ret.)

Former Supreme Allied Commander Europe; Former Commander U.S. European Command